We discussed the different groups that are available to manage the Oracle software and processes. This is important when you are looking at upgrading and patching. The same user groups are needed to own the software on the servers and deploy them.
Groups are managed as part of the provisioning. They are not inherited in the images. The groups can be set using the -groups parameter on the rhpctl command. FPP will use the group of the user that is running the command to copy the image to the working copy.

Methods of Patching

Being able to roll through patches without too much downtime is important for most environments. Databases need to be up and available, so planning a strategy to keep it consistent, minimize downtime, and automate is important.
By default, rolling patching of the grid infrastructure is the method for FPP. When not using FPP, you can have two installed homes that basically use the same method, but this requires more manual intervention. The different methods for the grid infrastructure are as follows:
• Rolling: Moves the grid infrastructure home sequentially through each node in the clusters
• Nonrolling: Done in parallel to patch all of the nodes at the same time
• Batch: Patches the Oracle grid and database homes at the same time.
• Zero downtime: Does not bring down the databases that are part of the cluster while patching; this method automates the database upgrades without interrupting the service

The idea here with fleet patching and provisioning is to provide another solution for large environments and manage a patching system to roll out patched versions of the Oracle home consistently and efficiently. So, where we might have spent time patching and not even the ability to patch the whole environment, management tasks can focus on working with the gold images, testing the releases, and implementing the most effective solution for the environment.

Fleet Management with Autonomous

Shifting gears slightly, we are going to look at another type of fleet management. This is not completely different from patching and provisioning, but it does include some of these tasks. This is also not a tool to help you manage large environments but defines the responsibilities of an administrator of databases in the cloud on dedicated Exadata Infrastructure and Exadata Cloud@Customer.

As previously discussed with the installation of the Oracle Database, we looked at Autonomous Databases in the cloud. Autonomous Database – Serverless (ADB-S) is a quick creation of the database through the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure console. It doesn’t appear much is needed from a database administrator; however, there are administrative tasks and responsibilities for Autonomous Database Dedicated. This includes managing and monitoring the container databases for the environment.

The fleet administrators create and manage the Autonomous Container Database resources. They need the appropriate permissions in the Oracle Cloud to administer the Autonomous Exadata VM Clusters along with the container database. The fleet administrators will also need to set up the networking resources that are needed for the database environment and connections.

At the beginning of this book, we discussed the different roles that DBAs do, as well as the different default roles that are part of the configuration to have separation of duties. This includes managing the grid environment versus the databases and backups. The same applies here. There is the infrastructure side of Autonomous Dedicated that is very similar to managing the container databases and servers in multitenant. Both of these are for the administration of the fleet of databases.

Autonomous Database – Serverless is doing these same tasks to provide the self-service databases managed by Oracle. The fleet administration is responsible for these components in the dedicated architecture: the Exadata components, container databases, and security.